Blue pages this guide covers the bluebook s white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers. According to several writing conventions, including mla style, when a writer wishes to emphasize a particular word or phrase within quoted text, she can use an offset font usually italics, underlining, or bolding, proceeded by the phrase emphasis added within square brackets for example, i pledge allegiance to the flag of the united states of america, and to the republic for which. The second example differs because quoting and citing. May 31, 2004 emphasis added one only needs to add the notation of emphasis added when emphasis has, in fact, been added. For example, the typeface convention differs for case names. Primary authorities bluebook citations libguides at. Consider these basic practitioners tips to help conquer those bluebook fears.
Explanatory parentheticals can pack a persuasive punch. Some lawyers must really like the use of emphasis in a brief. By emphasis, i mean the adding bold or underline or italics to the font in a sentence or longer section of a brief in order to emphasize the importance of the text to the reader. Law school bluebook basics one of the books that all 1l law students are required to purchase is the bluebook. If the original source is in writing, and already has bold, underlined, or italic text, it is just as important to include the notation, emphasis in original to avoid any confusion. That is the bluebook rule addressing the broader question of how to signal any number of alterations a writer might make to a. Jul 19, 2019 like federal statutes, state statutes may be published in both an official code and an unofficial code, and the bluebook requires you to cite to the official code, if possible rule 12. Additionally, type the phrase emphasis added and enclose it in brackets directly after the emphasized words to indicate to the reader that the emphasis is not present in the original text. Legal citation differs from any other type in academic scholarship or writing. Im trying to cite to a deposition in my legal writing paper.
As youll see below, for example, opinions of the u. Please apply these vlr conventions to every piece that you edit. Blue pages this guide covers the bluebooks white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers. Generations of law students, lawyers, scholars, judges, and other legal professionals have relied on the bluebook s unique system of citation in their writing. Everything you wanted to know that the bluebook does not tell. Citing cases bluebook guide guides at georgetown law library. Bluebook guide 20th ed powerpoint from penn state law. If, however, the provision cited or quoted has changed since the publication of the source doing the citing or quoting, cite. Everything you wanted to know that the bluebook does not. When citing a source for the purposes of a citing or quoting parenthetical under rule 1. Cleaning up quotations jack metzler judges and lawyers. The bluepages keep the tradition of underscoring certain text. Supreme courts rule on this point is representative. That language implies that a garage, appropriately used as a residence or living quarters, could be a dwelling under the statute.
For example, several cases following a see signal must be placed in order according to court, chronology, and sometimes alphabetically. For example, the supreme courts style guide permits authors to correct an error. If an author has both added and omitted emphasis in a quotation, use a hybrid emphasis added and omitted. The president stated that he will not sign the bill they republican members of the house have. Can anyone confirm that the example provided means. While it is true that some law schools and many courts do not follow the bluebook s rules exclusively,4 the bluebook is still firmly entrenched in its authoritative position,5 particularly in the academic world. This part outlines where vlr conventions depart from the bluebook, adds additional rules, and seeks to clarify some of the more obscure bluebook rules. Generations of law students, lawyers, scholars, judges, and other legal professionals have relied on the bluebooks unique system of citation in their writing. Arguably, that identification of underlying source provides adequate notice that the. Citations in quotingciting parentheticals, 6152010 related section. The alwd manual was created by the association of legal writing directors because lawyers, judges, law teachers, and law students need a citation manual that is easy to use, easy to teach from, and easy to learn from.
When writers do not signal a citation, the cited authority states the proposition, is the source of the cited quotation or identifies an authority referred to in. This relation can be supportive, comparative, or contradictory. See antiterrorism and effective death penalty act of 1996,pub. Brackets allow the insertion of editorial material inside quotations. The scope of the indigo books coverage is roughly equivalent to the bluebooks bluepagesthat is, the indigo book covers legal citation for u. Commercial databases bluebook citation 101 practitioner. Do i need to clarify the authors use of italics within the original when i quote. Books, reports, treatises bluebook legal citation tarlton. Emphasizing words in a direct quotation apa writing commons. Changes in bluebook handout university of houston law center. Blue book citation for depositions top law schools. How do i indicate i have added italics to emphasise words within a quote.
Manual, you may default to the bluebook citation style. Problems, cases, and materials 2006 when you are citing to a work that has been published by the same publisher more than once, you should cite the edition and the year it was published in. Full name of the authors book title underlined or italicized pinpoint page number if needed publication information if applicable year of publication example. Be sure to consult the bluebook for specifics in general, cite to the authors, title of the article in italics, volume number of the source, title of the source i. Commercial databases should be cited in preference to other, general internet resources. The president stated that he will not sign the bill they republican members of the house have been talking about. Adds an explanation to the rule on italicizing explanatory phrases in citations that they should not be italicized when introducing the citation in. Nov 01, 2017 i had a question during a presentation i was making about whether the phrase emphasis added when used with a quotation was treated in the same font as the emphasized language, for example, if the emphasized language is bolded, is the phrase emphasis added bolded. Citation rule for books, reports, and nonperiodical materials t6 p. Like federal statutes, state statutes may be published in both an official code and an unofficial code, and the bluebook requires you to cite to the official code, if possible rule 12.
Citus legalus is an automated bluebook citation generator for lazy law students. December 07, 2017 articles cleaning up quotations in legal writing the inside scoop on 2017s hottest new citation tool. The problem is the overuse of emphasis, and ill admit that i was once. Adds instruction on how to cite to an excerpt or partial reprint. However, the basic format of a case citation is as follows. There are many permutations of citing to legal periodicals. The first nine rules in the bluebook apply to all of the other rules and they are all about style.
The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2 use for their memo assignments. Rule 15 in the bluebook explains how to properly cite a book. Lincoln specifically advocated a government for the people brown 512. Surely you have never encountered anything quite like the bluebook before. This book is a reference guide that, believe it or not, will be just about the only book you take from law school into your practice as a lawyer. Presented by the academic achievement program october. Ohio 2003 denying summary judgment for defendant on tortious interference. Table 1 provides a list of statutory codes for each state and indicates which is the officialpreferred code to cite as well as the abbreviations for each.
The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2. The bluebook still requires the use and citation of printed sources where available see r. How should words emphasized by the writer be indicated in a direct quotation. The following example is the type of parentheticals addressed in this article. Mar 30, 2012 matthew butterick, author of the dry but very useful book, typography for lawyers 2d ed. Overuse of emphasis added congress found that foreign organizations that engage in terrorist activity are so tainted by their criminal conduct that any contribution to such an organization facilitates that conduct. To note added emphasis, put emphasis added in a parenthetical in the citation. The precise format of a case citation depends on a number of factors, including the jurisdiction, court, and type of case. Often on every page, and sometimes for a paragraph or more. When part of a quote is emphasized by bolding italicizing. The bluebook does not explicitly indicate what the numbers refer to. It specifies that the front matter of any brief on the merits include.
If the original material includes a noun or pronoun that is unclear, brackets can be used for clarification. Appropriate use of emphasis added congress found that foreign organizations that engage in terrorist activity are so tainted by their criminal conduct that any contribution to such an organization facilitates that conduct. When italicizing words within a quotation for emphasis, add the parenthetical phrase emphasis added after the citation. Dec 07, 2017 december 07, 2017 articles cleaning up quotations in legal writing the inside scoop on 2017s hottest new citation tool. Therefore, if the emphasis appears in the original text, do not include the parenthetical phrase emphasis in original.
Additionally, type the phrase emphasis added and enclose it in brackets directly after the emphasized words to indicate to the reader. Use italics to add emphasis to a specific word or words in a direct quotation that were not originally emphasized by the author. Introductory signals appear at the beginning of citation sentences. Table of abbreviations for case names and institutional authors. Similar parenthetical notices to be appended to citations as appropriate include emphasis added and citations omitted.
Part i of the slatebook modifies and adds to the bluebooks rules. If a case is published in a reporter, the bluebook prescribes which reporter is the preferred one to cite table 1. Indeed, rules of appellate procedure often require that. For more on permissible alterations to quotations, see the mla handbook, eighth edition, section 1. If, however, the provision cited or quoted has changed since the publication of the source doing the citing or quoting, cite to the version the original cites.
Citing cases bluebook guide guides at georgetown law. Bluebook is the official handbook of proper citation form. Oct 07, 2007 how do i indicate i have added italics to emphasise words within a quote. For example, if you are citing a secondary authority with a title, consult rule 8 capitalization, to know whether you need to capitalize certain words or not. This is one of the most widely used legal citation system in the united states. To include an intext citation with a quotation youve altered, put the citation first, followed by a semicolon, and then the words emphasis added. Board of directors for the legal writing institute and has served on.
Programmed and maintained by kirk sigmon, cornell law. The following information regarding the bluebook citation format is an adapted version of the style and formatting guidelines found in the bluebook, 20th ed. Hat tip to eva resnicow, aka editrix lex, who brought this bluebook change to my attention since the eighteenth edition, the bluebook has included internal quotation marks omitted among the parenthetical expressions listed in rule 5. Whenever a specific passage of a work speaks directly and authoritatively to the point for which you cite it, the critical language should be quoted. Part i of the slatebook modifies and adds to the bluebook s rules. Bluebook citation for llm students bluebook citation for. Signals are important because they indicate how a cited authority relates to the text. Adds an explanation to the rule on italicizing explanatory phrases in citations that they should not be italicized when introducing the citation in a related authority parenthetical. Emphasizing words in a direct quotation apa writing. Alwd preface the alwd manual is consistent with the bluebook on most practices and is increasingly so with the fourth. Insert square bracket with emphasis added after the page number, for example, raises the question of what desire is smith 1991, p. The indigo book isnt the same as the bluebook, but it does implement the same uniform system of citation that the bluebook does. I had a question during a presentation i was making about whether the phrase emphasis added when used with a quotation was treated in the same font as the emphasized language, for example, if the emphasized language is bolded, is the phrase emphasis added bolded.
It is confusing, frustrating, timeconsuming to use, and ultimately makes the legal citation process intimidating. Adds example for general citation format for court filings, removes an ambiguity regarding. Jul 19, 2019 the opinions of a given court or jurisdiction are often published in more than one reporter. The anxiety of a jthority absence, a rather impressive literature 8. Actually, his opinion against the use of emphasis is even stronger than mine. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of the profession communicate important information to one another about the sources and legal authorities upon. See, for example, johnson, 605 f2d at 1125 emphasis added discussing the superiority of strict liability regimes, quoting epstein, 65 cal w l. If the provisions involved are lengthy, their citation alone suffices at this point, and their. Citing secondary sources sample bluebook citations. Presented by the academic achievement program october 25, 2011. The remainder of the bluebook employs a more complex array of typeface.
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